Beamforming is a technology that utilizes phased array antennae systems to direct wireless signals toward a specific receiver or target rather than broadcasting them omnidirectionally. When combined with massive multiple input / multiple output (MIMO) antenna technology, beamforming plays a crucial role in enabling faster data rates and increased device densities supported by 5G networks compared to 4G technology.
To implement beamforming, an array of antennas arranged in two dimensions is required (Figure 1). By controlling the phases and amplitudes of the signals sent to individual antennas, the emitted beam’s direction can be determined, resulting in constructive interference in the desired direction and destructive interference in other directions. Some advantages of beamforming include:
- Improved signal quality
- Reduced interference
- Increased range
- Reduced power requirements
Figure 1. A 5G beamforming array can have dozens of polarized orthogonally oriented radiating elements like those pictured above. (Image: Altium)
Polarization
Polarization enhances beamforming performance by offering more precise control over the beam’s direction, creating a narrower beam with higher signal strength. Dual-polarization beamforming, which combines horizontal and vertical polarization, is commonly used in 5G networks.
Dual polarization ensures signal quality even in challenging 5G environments with fading and signal reflections. The narrower beam also enhances power efficiency. Three primary beamforming architectures are utilized to phase each antenna element: analog, digital, and hybrid, which combines analog and digital elements.
